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Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Comrie, Bernard S. Recognized territory of Russia is shown in dark green; claimed and disputed territory is shown in light green. Russian is one of the official languages or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian of the following:. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Main articles: Russian alphabet and Russian Braille. Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg. Retrieved May 27, It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the midth centuries. Vse lyudi rozhdayutsya svobodnymi i ravnymi v svoyem dostoinstve i pravakh. The reigns of Vladimir the Great — and his son Yaroslav the Wise — constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium , and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code , the Russkaya Pravda. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate. Standard Chinese. Main article: Public holidays in Russia.

This article incorporates text from a free content work. All the obsolete 8-bit encodings are rarely used in the communication protocols and text-exchange data formats, having been mostly replaced with UTF The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station — NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. The correct interpretation and translation of these six languages, in both spoken and written form, is very important to the work of the Organization, because this enables clear and concise communication on issues of global importance. UN Stats. Cleveland, Ohio. The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. Retrieved May 31, Archived from the original on June 27, Russia's autocratic [] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy , [] an oligarchy , [] and a plutocracy.

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Since March , the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans , [] has links with a great number of seas. Cambridge primers of pronunciation. Soviet Union topics. In March , Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. September 24, Main article: History of the Russian language. According to the World Tourism Organization , Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in , with over In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. Archived PDF from the original on October 4, Archived from the original PDF on May 21, While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Kyrgyz Russian.

Russian language - Wikipedia

• Trofimov, Michael V.
• Russian is a minority language.
• Russian terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian — past, present, Russian, and future — and each verb has two aspects perfective and imperfective.

It is the largest country in the world by area , extending across eleven time zones. It shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. The country's capital as well as its largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and cultural capital. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers , developing into the Russian Empire , which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in , Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR —the world's first constitutionally socialist state. At the expense of millions of lives , the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War , it competed with the United States for global ideological influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements , including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin , under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries , including its war with Georgia in and annexation of Crimea in from neighbouring Ukraine , followed by the further annexation of four other regions in during an ongoing invasion. Internationally, Russia ranks among the lowest in measurements of democracy , human rights and freedom of the press ; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank highly globally. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the English name Russia first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin : Russia , used in the 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from Russi , 'the Russians' and the suffix -ia. There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. According to the Primary Chronicle , the word Rus' is derived from the Rus' people , who were a Swedish tribe, and where the three original members of the Rurikid dynasty came from. The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic.

Russian is a minority language, Russian. Russian [e] is an East Slavic languageRussian, spoken primarily in Russian. It is the native language of the Russians and belongs to the Indo-European language family, Russian. It is one of four living East Slavic languages, [f] and is also a part Russian the larger Balto-Slavic languages. It was the de facto and de jure [23] official language of the former Soviet Union. Russian has over million total speakers worldwide. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent Russian of the language, Russian.

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Main article: Moscow dialect, Russian. Wade, Terence It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian Russian under the rule Russian Peter the Great and developed from the Moscow Middle or Central Russian dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language.